LLM05:2025: Improper Output Handling
Downstream systems consume LLM output as trusted code/SQL/HTML/shell. The LLM is treated as a sanitizer when it is in fact an injection source.
How it's found
Identified by submitting payloads designed to produce unsafe output (SQL, HTML, shell) and checking whether downstream code executes or renders it without sanitization.
Vulnerable vs. safe
eval(llmResponse.code) // LLM output executed directlyrunInSandbox(llmResponse.code, { timeout: 2000, network: false })Standards mapping
How TurboPentest tests for this
For AI/LLM targets, TurboPentest's agentic pentest tests improper output handling by adversarially prompting the model, via Paladin AI, to produce unescaped or unsafely encoded output that could be rendered or executed downstream, following the OWASP LLM Top 10 (LLM05) and OWASP AI Testing Guide. A manual IntegSec engagement adds even deeper methodology and a larger context window on top of that automated coverage.
Tools: Paladin AI
Frequently asked questions
What is LLM05:2025 Improper Output Handling?
Downstream systems consume LLM output as trusted code/SQL/HTML/shell. The LLM is treated as a sanitizer when it is in fact an injection source.
How do you find Improper Output Handling?
Identified by submitting payloads designed to produce unsafe output (SQL, HTML, shell) and checking whether downstream code executes or renders it without sanitization.
Which CWEs map to LLM05:2025?
LLM05:2025 maps to CWE-116, CWE-79, CWE-94.
Does TurboPentest test for Improper Output Handling?
For AI/LLM targets, TurboPentest's agentic pentest tests improper output handling by adversarially prompting the model, via Paladin AI, to produce unescaped or unsafely encoded output that could be rendered or executed downstream, following the OWASP LLM Top 10 (LLM05) and OWASP AI Testing Guide. A manual IntegSec engagement adds even deeper methodology and a larger context window on top of that automated coverage.
Related OWASP categories
- OWASP Top 10 for LLM ApplicationsLLM01:2025: Prompt Injection
- OWASP Top 10 for LLM ApplicationsLLM02:2025: Sensitive Information Disclosure
- OWASP Top 10 for LLM ApplicationsLLM03:2025: Supply Chain
- OWASP Top 10 for LLM ApplicationsLLM04:2025: Data and Model Poisoning
- OWASP Top 10 for LLM ApplicationsLLM06:2025: Excessive Agency
- OWASP Top 10 for LLM ApplicationsLLM07:2025: System Prompt Leakage
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